The phrase ‘person‐centred care’ (PCC) reminds us that the fundamental philosophical goal of caring for people is to uphold or promote their personhood. However, such an idea has translated into promoting individualist notions of autonomy, empowerment and personal responsibility in the context of consumerism and neoliberalism, which is problematic both conceptually and practically. From a conceptual standpoint, it ignores the fact that humans are social, historical and biographical beings, and instead assumes an essentialist or idealized concept of personhood in which (...) a person is viewed as an individual static object. From a practical standpoint, the application of such a concept of personhood can lead to neglect of a person's fundamental care needs and exacerbate the problems of social inequity, in particular for older people and people with dementia. Therefore, we argue that our understanding of PCC must instead be based on a dynamic concept of personhood that integrates the relevant social, relational, temporal and biographical dimensions. We propose that the correct concept of personhood in PCC is one in which persons are understood as socially embedded, relational and temporally extended subjects rather than merely individual, autonomous, asocial and atemporal objects. We then present a reconceptualization of the fundamental philosophical goal of PCC as promoting selfhood rather than personhood. Such a reconceptualization avoids the problems that beset the concept of personhood and its application in PCC, while also providing a philosophical foundation for the growing body of empirical literature that emphasizes the psychosocial, relational, subjective and biographical dimensions of PCC. (shrink)

In this article, we investigate how the concept of Care Biography and related concepts are understood and operationalised and describe how it can be applied to advancing our understanding and practice of holistic and person‐centred care. Walker and Avant's eight‐step concept analysis method was conducted involving multiple database searches, with potential or actual applications of Care Biography identified based on multiple discussions among all authors. Our findings demonstrate Care Biography to be a novel overarching concept derived from the conjunction of (...) multiple other concepts and applicable across multiple care settings. Concepts related to Care Biography exist but were more narrowly defined and mainly applied in intensive care, aged care, and palliative care settings. They are associated with the themes of Meaningfulness and Existential Coping, Empathy and Understanding, Promoting Positive Relationships, Social and Cultural Contexts, and Self‐Care, which we used to inform and refine our concept analysis of Care Biography. In Conclusion, the concept of Care Biography, can provide a deeper understanding of a person and their care needs, facilitate integrated and personalised care, empower people to be in control of their care throughout their life, and help promote ethical standards of care. (shrink)

Pregnancy presents some interesting challenges for the philosophy of embodied cognition. Mother and fetus are generally considered to be passive during pregnancy, both individually and in their relation. In this paper, we use the enactive operational concepts of autonomy, agency, individuation, and participation to examine the relation between mother and fetus in utero. Based on biological, physiological, and phenomenological research, we explore the emergence of agentive capacities in embryo and fetus, as well as how maternal agency changes as pregnancy advances. (...) We show that qualitatively different kinds of agency have their beginnings already in utero, and to what extent fetal and maternal movement modulate affectivity and individuation in pregnancy. We thus propose that mother and fetus are both agents who participate in pregnancy. Pregnancy then emerges as a relational developmental organization that anchors and holds its developing participants. We end the paper with reflections on ethical implications of this proposal, and suggestions for future research. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es definir qué son los estudios culturales, de género y literarios. Reflexionar acerca de la relación que hay entre ellos. Debatir cómo es posible el hecho de que puedan intersectarse éstos. E intentar explicar el funcionamiento teórico y metodológico de dichas interdisciplinas. Asimismo, este trabajo ofrece un panorama general con respecto a la situación actual de los estudios de género y los estudios literarios con esta perspectiva en México: ¿qué es lo que se está haciendo?, (...) ¿cómo?, ¿en dónde? (shrink)

Much literature surrounding medical technology and adherence posits that technology is a mechanism for social control. This assumes that the medical establishment can take away patients' agency. Although power relationships and social control can play a key role, medical technology can also serve as an agentive tool to be utilized. We (1) offer the alternative framework of Actor Network Theory to view medical technology, (2) discuss the literature on medication adherence and technology, (3) delve into the ramifications of looking at (...) adherence as a network and (4) use Digital Pills as a case study of dispersed agency. (shrink)

Stakeholder Theory combines the pursuance of business goals and responsibility toward a firm's stakeholders. Despite the wealth of research on Stakeholder Orientation, we still have much to learn about specific measurements for several related constructs. In this study, we draw on two samples of 129 and 151 Spanish firms, respectively, to investigate CEOs' perceptions on Stakeholder Integration (SI), leading to the identification of three dimensions of the construct. In this respect, our study suggests that Knowledge of Stakeholders, Interactions between a (...) firm and its stakeholders, and the adaptation of a firm's behavior to stakeholders' demands constitute the main dimensions of SI. This construct has the potential to connect the stakeholder and strategy literatures. (shrink)

We conducted three studies aimed at showing that one-to-one translations between emotion terms might be comparing independent or barely overlapping categories of emotional experience. In Study 1 we found that the speakers' most accessible features of two supposedly equivalent emotions terms (shame and vergüenza) were very different. In Study 2, American and Spanish speakers' typicality ratings of 25 out of 29 constitutive features of “shame” or “vergüenza” were significantly different. In Study 3, these important differences in the content and internal (...) structure of “shame” and “vergüenza” were also reflected in the affective meaning of their corresponding terms. We conclude that “shame” and “vergüenza” do not share the same cluster of central features, and cannot be treated as identical categories of emotional experience. This finding raises serious questions about the one-to-one translation practices not only of most cross-cultural studies on “shame”, but also of other emotion concepts. We suggest an alternative method of translation based on Diachronic Prototype Semantics (Geeraerts, 1997). (shrink)

Spirituality in Palliative Care Aimed at the ElderlyEspiritualidade no contexto de cuidados paliativos oncológicos a idososIn the last decade, spirituality has been studied in oncological palliative care for the elderly from quantitative, qualitative, and mixed perspectives. The study seeks to reveal the meaning of spirituality in this context. It reviews indexed literature from the MEDLINE database through PubMed between 2009 and 2019, which was accessed online, in full text, anonymously, and in English and Spanish. Revista Medicina Paliativa was manually searched. (...) The results include 50 subject-relevant articles and four categories. It is concluded that there are challenges related to the meaning of spirituality and quality of life, education, and research perspectives.Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigoArenas-Massa A, Nocetti-de la Barra A, Fraile-Ducviq CG. La espiritualidad en contexto de cuidados paliativos oncológicos dirigidos a personas mayores. Pers Bioet. 2020;24:136-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pebi.2020.24.2.2Recibido: 05/07/2020Aceptado: 01/09/2020Publicado: 27/11/2020. (shrink)

Mucho se ha escrito sobre la influencia de las sabidurías orientales en la filosofía de Arthur Schopenhauer, y muy poco sobre la impronta de éste en uno de los pensadores peor reconocidos en el ámbito de la filosofía académica como es Carl Gustav Jung. El presente artículo trata de dar con algunos puntos de encuentro en la obra de los dos autores, estrechando paralelismos y matizando distancias entre la «voluntad» schopenhaueriana y el «inconsciente» de Jung, a la par que ahonda (...) en el elemento central que vincula, a nuestro juicio, el pensamiento de ambos: el problema del mal y su diversas concepciones en las tradiciones religiosas de Oriente y del Occidente cristiano. (shrink)

At Universitat Politècnica de València, Meridies, an internship programme that places engineering students in countries of Latin America, is one of the few opportunities the students have to explore the implications of being a professional in society in a different cultural and social context. This programme was analyzed using the capabilities approach as a frame of reference for examining the effects of the programme on eight student participants. The eight pro-public-good capabilities proposed by Melanie Walker were investigated through semi-structured interviews. (...) The internship is an environment in which students can put into practice the knowledge they have acquired in undergraduate studies and to find practical relevance in what they studied. Occasionally, this also entails a critical questioning of what they have learned, a greater awareness of the limits of the contents of their studies and of the way things were taught, and interest in less explored issues that are closely linked to social justice. However, tensions can arise between the pro-public-good oriented perspectives of this programme, and a more instrumental vision. One way to overcome these tensions is to foster consideration of reflexivity, that is, the dynamic relationship between technology and society. To do so, the programme must create space before and during the internship, and upon the return of the students, to discuss and collectively reflect upon their lived experience. Additionally, it ought to engage supervisors in this educational journey, both at the university and in the host institutions, and also involve socially committed organisations in this task. (shrink)

¿Por qué un libro sobre René Girard? ¿En qué consiste su relevancia intelectual? ¿Cuáles son sus aportaciones al pensamiento contemporáneo? ¿Qué áreas del conocimiento abarcan sus tesis? ¿Ha dicho algo nuevo sobre el hombre y la cultura que sea digno de ser resaltado? ¿Por qué sus ideas suscitan polémica en las ciencias humanas? ¿Cuál es su relación con el cristianismo? ¿Aporta algo a la teología que no haya sido dicho todavía? ¿Por qué la teología se siente interpelada e incómoda por (...) su teoría? ¿Por qué algunos le llaman el Darwin de la cultura, otros el Hegel del cristianismo? Este libro quiere tratar de responder a algunas de estas preguntas y ofrecer vías para el debate antropológico y teológico contemporáneo. (shrink)

Se aborda el pensamiento de E.M. Cioran desde la perspectiva de un sinsabor vital denominado sentimiento de muerte. El término, aunque aparece solo en su primer escrito, es transversal a toda su obra, puesto que para el autor los seres humanos nos intuimos como posesos de la muerte en cada momento de nuestra existencia. Esto cambia el tono normal de la vida, al poner frente a la persona una realidad carente de sentido y dominada por circunstancias radicales y limitantes como (...) el dolor y la agonía, que culmina en una atmósfera gobernada por la intuición trágica de la vida. (shrink)

La recepción durante el siglo XX se preguntó si la filosofía nietzscheana era a-, im- o anti-política, es decir, si podía ser asimilada por la democracia, o si era antimoderna, elitista y reaccionaria. El italiano Roberto Esposito ha propuesto leerla como formando e informando el paradigma de la biopolítica. Se discuten cuatro lecturas de esa biopolítica: como formadora del paradigma de la inmunidad, como tanatopolítica, como liberal y neoliberal, y como biopolítica afirmativa. Twentieth-century readers wondered if Nietzschean philosophy was apolitical, (...) impolitic, or anti-political; that is, if it could be assimilated by democracy or if it was antimodern, elitist, and reactionary. The Italian philosopher Robert Esposito has proposed reading Nietzsche's philosophy as forming and informing the biopolitical paradigm. Four readings of these biopolitics are discussed: as part of the paradigm of immunity, as thanatopolitics, as liberal and neoliberal, and as affirmative biopolitics. (shrink)

El ensayo expone críticamente la fundamentación ontológica de la ética en Antonio Rosmini. Al mismo tiempo, propone una solución al problema de Hume sobre la deducción de proposiciones normativas a partir de las descriptivas. Rosmini parte del análisis del conocimiento. Desde aquí consigue acreditar el paso del pensamiento al ser, distinguiendo tres modos: ser real, ideal y moral. El filósofo identifica el tercero con una estructura agradable en todo lo naturalmente existente. Catalogar esta dimensión ontológica le permite definir el bien (...) universal como el orden amable del ser, y así conectar modernamente con la filosofía antigua. Mediante la contemplación del bien intrínseco de todo ente natural, del orden particular de su esencia, Rosmini puede validar también el salto del ser al deber ser. En efecto, pues del bien propio de cada realidad se desprende una necesidad objetiva, que a su vez aterriza en la constitución intelectiva y volitiva de la persona como necesidad subjetiva. El bien moral consistirá precisamente en el reconocimiento del sujeto de ese bien necesario. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying safety measures, including confinement, has meant an unprecedented challenge for the world population today. However, it has entailed additional difficulties for specific populations, including children and people with disabilities. Being out of school for months has reduced the learning opportunities for many children, such as those with less academic resources at home or with poorer technological connectivity. For students with disabilities, it has entailed losing the quality of the special attention they often need, in (...) addition to a more limited understanding of the situation. In this context, a case study was conducted in a special education classroom of a secondary education school. This class started implementing Dialogic Literary Gatherings with their special education students before the COVID-19 confinement and continued online during the confinement. Qualitative data was collected after a period of implementation of the gatherings showing positive impacts on the participants. The case study shows that interactive learning environments such as the Dialogic Literary Gatherings can provide quality distance learning for students with disabilities, contributing to overcome some of the barriers that the pandemic context creates for the education of these students. (shrink)

In this paper I will examine Vandana Shiva’s ecofeminist thought with two goals: on the one hand, I will argue that her ecofeminism defines a vitalist materialist approach of feminine roots, since Shiva concedes an epistemological value to the practices and knowledge historically originated from the sustainability tasks that women have carried out. On the other hand and as a consequence, I will defend that she presents a political proposal, which entails a suggestive and radical redefinition of the traditional concept (...) of politics. Finally, I will try to show that the ability of attributing political meaning to experiences and actions of specific women allows for a change in perspective that Shiva accomplishes in an extremely fruitful double movement: the recognition of the existing and the affirmation of politics as present. (shrink)

This is a critical assessment of today presentations of Jesus of Nazareth’ Kingdom of God in so-called historical-exegetical books. Three of them are selected for a minute criticism. It follows a brief exegesis of all then important Gospel texts about the Kingdom of God as a «future event» or as «present» and «already come» in Jesus ministry. After a close scrutiny, only one Gospel passage (Luke 17:20-21) can be used with some doubts for sustaining that Jesus has proclaimed a Kingdom (...) of God already present. The article concludes with a brief exposition of the conceptions of the historical Jesus view about the Kingdom, and some consequences for the modern transpositions of his view. (shrink)

Recent studies in social endocrinology have explored the effects of social relationships on female reproductive steroid hormones—estradiol and progesterone—investigating whether they are suppressed in partnered and parous women. Results have been mixed for these hormones although evidence is more consistent that partnered women and women with young children have lower levels of testosterone. These studies were sequential to earlier research on men, based on Wingfield’s Challenge Hypothesis, which showed that men in committed relationships, or with young children, have lower levels (...) of testosterone than unpartnered men or men with older or no children. The study described here explored associations between estradiol and progesterone with partnership and parity among women from two different ethnicities: South Asian and white British. We hypothesized that both steroid hormones would be lower among partnered and/or parous women with children ≤3 years old, regardless of ethnicity. In this study we analyzed data from 320 Bangladeshi and British women of European origin aged 18 to 50 who participated in two previous studies of reproductive ecology and health. Levels of estradiol and progesterone were assayed using saliva and/or serum samples and the body mass index calculated from anthropometric data. Questionnaires provided other covariates. Multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the data. The hypotheses were not supported. We argue here that, unlike links between testosterone and male social relationships, theoretical foundations for such relationships with female reproductive steroid hormones are lacking, especially given the primary role of these steroids in regulating female reproductive function. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore the bases of independent relationships between social factors and female reproductive steroid hormones. (shrink)

Tras un paneo por el diccionario sobre los conceptos en juego en este artículo, afirma que el feminismo sigue teniendo razón de ser y que su desaparición, nombrada ya como el tiempo del posfeminismo, es una falacia; y que éste como ningún otro movimiento ha comprometido tanto la dimensión subjetiva del ser humano. Recuerda que el feminismo no encontró solución en la perspectiva de la lucha de clase, y revisa la crítica que se hace al discurso de género, a la (...) que califica como constructiva y deconstructiva a la vez. (shrink)

My aim in this article is to present the formation of poblaciones callampa in Chile during the second half of the twentieth century (especially between 1950 and 1970), as an expression of the right of necessity of thousands of homeless persons. I suggest that this social phenomenon is the germ of the consequent tomas de sitio (illegal encampments), where the requisites to take part were “to be poor, to have children, three sticks and a flag”. The individual right of necessity (...) is the foundation of the formal claims of politically organized groups looking for a permanent place to live that fulfilled minimal criteria of social justice. Although the argument is focused on the specific case of the Chilean callampas, I suggest that it may be applied to other cases of precarious, illegal settlements in Latin America and worldwide. (shrink)

El presente artículo es producto de un trabajo etnográfico que se realizó durante más de un año en una escuela primaria pública que contaba con apoyo de un servicio de Educación Especial. Los principales hallazgos versan sobre cotidianeidad de los procesos de evaluación de estudiantes con discapacidad. El trabajo es un llamado a humanizar las prácticas docentes.

En el presente artículo se desarrolla la comprensión marceliana de la fidelidad creadora como testimonio concreto de la esperanza, la cual nos permite reconocer la vida humana como vocación al compromiso concreto y a la entrega interpersonal, consumada plenamente en la consagración. De este modo, se pondrá de manifiesto la dinámica auténticamente creadora que subyace en los estratos más profundos de la persona humana, revelándose como una íntima inquietud ontológica que la orienta y anima hacia la trascendencia.

La disminución de dopamina en los ganglios basales es la principal causa de la enfermedad de Parkinson. Además de las disfunciones motrices, los individuos con EP presentan alteraciones cognitivas que incluyen déficits de control atencional y temporal, de percepción del ritmo de la música y del habla, y de procesamiento del lenguaje. El circuito estriado-tálamo-cortical, participa en la comprensión musical y del habla. Personas con EP presentan problemas en distinguir las estructuras rítmicas por verse afectado el funcionamiento de los GB (...) y, por lo tanto, el control de su pulso interno en el CETC. Sin embargo, se ha encontrado que personas con EP pueden mejorar su sincronización temporal interna mediante el acompañamiento de señales auditivas externas temporalmente predecibles. Estudios argumentan que señales de este tipo pueden compensar la vía disfuncional CETC mediante una interface con el circuito cerebelo-tálamo-cortical el cual es sensible a la codificación de eventos temporales. (shrink)

En 1819 se proclamó la República de la Gran Colombia. Simón Bolívar fue el primer presidente y Francisco de Paula Santander su vicepresidente. El inicio de la República tuvo varios problemas de orden social, económico y político por resolver, los cuales no fueron impedimento para el desarrollo del conocimiento científico en el país. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los hechos científicos que sucedieron entre 1820 y 1880, desde el concepto de Transculturación Científica. El artículo está dividido en tres (...) apartados donde se abordan, cronológicamente, los avances de las disciplinas relacionadas con la historia natural. Se pudo concluir que en este periodo el desarrollo del conocimiento científico dejó grandes resultados y las bases para los futuros científicos nacionales. (shrink)

In the deep disagreements characterized by Robert Fogelin (1985/2005) the parties do not share a common framework sufficient for the argumentative exchange to actually occur. Arguments are present as propositional structu-res, but do not develop as activity. Some public debates, particularly those that appeal to a resolution through the knowledge provided by science, can be reconstructed from the perspective of this model. Can scientific evidence be constructed from which to build, at least partially, that necessary common framework? Which notion of (...) objectivity is the most adequate for this purpose? Fogelin’s proposal is a starting point to reflect on the resolution of disagree-ments and scientific knowledge, in particular from the notions of incommen-surability and objectivity. It is argued that objectivity in scientific activity resul-ting from the conditions that allow negotiating meanings can work to resolve some deep disagreements. (shrink)

REFLEXIONES EN TORNO AL CONCEPTO DE CLASE SOCIAL - Pierre Bourdieu y el espacio social pluridimensional.

En este trabajo ofrecemos la traducción del latín al español del Liber de convenientia fidei et intellectus in obiecto de Ramón Llull, con introducción y notas. Se trata de una obra en la que el filósofo mallorquín efectúa una síntesis de su pensamiento en torno de las relaciones entre fe y razón, así como de su posición respecto de la defensa de la fe católica y la conversión de los no cristianos. El opúsculo, que se muestra como un trabajo definitivo (...) en cuanto al establecimiento de la relación mencionada, hecha mano de los elementos fundamentales de su sistema, el Ars magna, pero aun así es una rara avis dentro de la opus luliana: está pleno de citas bíblicas y alusiones a las auctoritates eclesiásticas más renombradas, unas y otras ausentes en la mayoría de las obras lulianas. In this paper we offer the translation from Latin to Spanish of Ramón Llull´s Liber de convenientia fidei et intellectus in obiecto with introduction and notes. This is a work where the mallorcan philosopher makes a synthetic framework of his thinking on the relationship between faith and reason, as well as of his position towards the defense of catholic faith and conversion of non-christian people. The text, which is shown as a definitive work in the setting of this relationship, uses the most characteristic principles of his system, Ars magna, but still is a rara avis inside the opus lulliana: is full of biblical quotations and allusions to the most renowned ecclesiastical auctoritates, all these absents in most lullian woks. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article, we propose strategies for capturing polemical regions in a corpus of posts from Twitter, setting out from a theoretical framework that emphasises a dialogic perspective. Based on these strategies, we provide entry points for analysing the materiality of the techno-discursive universe that circulates in digital environments. By producing this research corpus, we acquired a clearer understanding of elements that compose discursive images surrounding Diego Maradona in circulation on Twitter following the player’s death. Towards this aim, we (...) formulated and critically considered techniques for extracting and producing a digital research corpus by delimiting a discursive space on Twitter surrounding Maradona’s death. The results obtained pertain to the conditions for use of these platforms by discourse analysts, the cartography of the regions configured in this space and the clashes that become consolidated within them. (shrink)